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History of Plymouth
The History of Plymouth in Devon, England, extends back to the Bronze Age, when the first settlement began at Mount Batten a peninsula in Plymouth Sound facing onto the English Channel. It continued as both a fishing and continental tin trading port through the late Iron Age into the Early Medieval period, until the more prosperous Saxon settlement of Sutton, later renamed Plymouth, surpassed it. With its natural harbour and open access to the Atlantic, the town found wealth and a national strategic importance during the establishment of British naval dominance in the colonisation of the New World. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers departed from Plymouth to establish the second English colony in America. During the English Civil War the town was besieged between 1642 and 1646 by the Royalists, but after the Restoration a Dockyard was established in the nearby town of Devonport (later amalgamated with Plymouth). Throughout the Industrial Revolution Plymouth grew as a major mercantile shipping industry, including imports and passengers from the USA, whilst Devonport grew as a naval base and ship construction town, building battleships for the Royal Navy - which later led to its partial destruction during World War II in a series of air-raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war was over, the city centre was completely rebuilt to a new plan.
==Toponymy==
For much of its earlier history, the settlement here was known as Sutton (''Sutona'' in 1086, ''Suttona'' in 1201), simply meaning ''South town''.〔 It was based near Sutton Harbour, the oldest quarter of the modern city. The modern name has two parts: ''Plym'' and ''mouth''. The element ''Plym'' is taken from the River Plym along which it traded with its parent settlement of Plympton, but ''its'' name (first recorded as ''Plymentun'' in c. 900) is considered to derive from the Old English word for 'plum tree', also ''ploumenn'' in Cornish,〔http://www.howlsedhes.co.uk/cgi-bin/diskwe.pl〕 though the local civic association suggests an alternative derivation from the Celtic ''Pen-lyn-don'' ("fort at the head of a creek").〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plympton Castle )〕 An alternative derivation is from Latin ''plumbum album'' 'British/white lead' -meaning tin - where ''plomm'' is also Cornish for lead.〔The ancient language and the dialect of Cornwall, Fred W.P. Jago 1882, Truro〕
By the early 13th century, the river was being called the Plym (''Plyme'', in 1238), as a back-formation from Plympton and Plymstock (first recorded as ''Plemestocha'' in 1086).〔 The earliest records of the name Plymouth date from around this time (as ''Plymmue'' in 1230, ''Plimmuth'' in 1234).〔
Plymouth notably lent its name to the settlement of Plymouth, Massachusetts following the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620, as well as many other settlements in North America.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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